Clinical features of acute kidney injury in patients with nephrotic syndrome and minimal change disease: a retrospective, cross-sectional study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Minimal change nephropathy (MCD) is a common pathological type of nephrotic syndrome and is often associated with acute kidney injury (AKI). This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and related factors of AKI in patients with MCD and nephrotic syndrome.@*METHODS@#Patients from Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital who were diagnosed with pathological renal MCD with clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome were included from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2017. Patients diagnosed with membranous nephropathy (MN) by renal biopsy from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2017 are included as a control population. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and pathological characteristics of patients as well as the percentages and clinical characteristics of AKI in different age groups. We assessed the correlation of pathological characteristics with serum creatinine using multivariate linear regression analysis.@*RESULTS@#A total of 367 patients with MCD were included in the analysis, with a sex ratio of 1.46: 1 (male: female) and an age range of 6 to 77 years. Among all the patients, 109 developed AKI (29.7%), and of these patients, 85 were male (78.0%). In the 586 patients with MN, 27 (4.6%) patients developed AKI. The percentage of AKI in MCD patients was significantly higher than that in MN patients (χ2 = 41.063, P < 0.001). The percentage of AKI increased with age in the MCD patients. The percentage of AKI in patients aged 50 years or older was 52.9% (46/87), which was significantly higher than that [22.5% (63/280)] in patients under 50 years (χ2 = 6.347, P = 0.013). We observed statistically significant differences in age (43 [27, 59] years vs. 28 [20, 44] years, Z = 5.487, P < 0.001), male (78.0% vs. 51.4%, χ2 = 22.470, P < 0.001), serum albumin (19.9 ± 6.1 g/L vs. 21.5 ± 5.7 g/L, t = 2.376, P = 0.018), serum creatinine (129.5 [105.7, 171.1] μmol/L vs. 69.7 [57.7, 81.9] μmol/L, Z = 14.190, P < 0.001), serum urea (10.1 [6.2, 15.8] mmol/L vs. 4.7 [3.6, 6.4] mmol/L, Z = 10.545, P < 0.001), IgE (266.0 [86.7, 963.0] IU/ml vs. 142.0 [35.3, 516.5] IU/ml, Z = 2.742, P = 0.007), history of diabetes (6.4% vs. 1.2%, P = 0.009), and history of hypertension (23.9% vs. 5.1%, χ2 = 28.238, P < 0.001) between the AKI group and the non-AKI group. According to multivariate linear regression analysis, among the renal pathological features analyzed, renal tubular epithelial cell damage (β = 178.010, 95% CI: 147.888-208.132, P < 0.001) and renal interstitial edema (β = 28.833, 95% CI: 11.966-45.700, P = 0.001) correlated with serum creatinine values.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The percentage of AKI in MCD patients is significantly higher than that in MN patients. Patients over 50 years old are more likely to develop AKI. Renal tubular epithelial cell injury and renal interstitial edema may be the main pathological lesions that are associated with elevated serum creatinine in patients with MCD.

Obesidad y riñón / Obesity and the kidney

RESUMEN Introducción: La obesidad es un problema de salud mundial y su frecuencia se está incrementando tanto en adultos como en niños. Una de sus complicaciones es la glomerulopatía asociada a la obesidad. Objetivo: Informar acerca de esta enfermedad y la actitud del pediatra para tratar de evitarla. Métodos: Revisión de la literatura médica más reciente sobre la enfermedad y el incremento de la obesidad en la edad pediátrica en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO y LILACS. Se utilizaron las palabras clave: glomerulopatía relacionada con la obesidad, obesidad y sobrepeso en el niño, tratamiento de la obesidad. Resultados: La obesidad en el niño es en alto porcentaje de causa nutricional y en esta condición los factores ambientales y socioculturales juegan importante papel. La predisposición a padecer la glomerulopatía de la obesidad comienza desde la niñez. El tratamiento de los pediatras en estos casos estará dirigido a la prevención de la enfermedad puesto que se puede desarrollar en la adultez. Cuando fracasan las medidas preventivas, queda la posibilidad de la cirugía bariátrica con poca experiencia en la edad pediátrica y retos éticos importantes y a pesar de que pudiera ser una alternativa de tratamiento, no es aceptada hasta el presente en forma amplia. Conclusiones: La glomerulopatía de la obesidad, por lo general, no aparece hasta la adultez, pero es necesario prevenirla desde la edad pediátrica y para su prevención los pediatras deben estar atentos a los factores de riesgo que pueden aparecer desde las primeras etapas de la vida(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Obesity is a global health problem and its frequency is increasing as much as in adults than in children. One of its complications is glomerulopathy associated to obesity. Objective: To inform on this disease and the attitude of pediatricians towards this trying to avoid it. Methods: Reviewing of the most recent medical literature on this disease and the increase of obesity in the pediatric age in PubMed, SCIELO and LILACS databases. The keywords used for the search were: glomerulopathy related to obesity, obesity and overweight in children, and obesity treatment. Results: Obesity in children is in a high percentage due to nutritional causes and in this disease environmental and sociocultural factors play an important role. The predisposition to suffer from glomerulopathy by obesity starts in childhood. The treatment prepared by the pediatricians in these cases will be directed to the prevention of the disease because it can be developed in adulthood. When preventive measures fail, there is the possibility of performing a bariatric surgery, having in this regard few experiences in the pediatric ages and important ethical challenges; and instead of being an alternative treatment, it is not widely accepted. Conclusions: Generally, glomerulopathy of obesity doesn't appear until adulthood, but it is necessary to prevent it since the pediatric age; and for its prevention pediatricians must be attentive to the risk factors that can appear from the earliest stages of life(AU)

Doença de lesões mínimas e glomeruloesclerose segmentar e focal em adultos: resposta a corticoide e risco de insuficiência renal / Minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in adults: response to steroids and risk of renal failure

Resumo Introdução: O perfil clínico de pacientes brasileiros adultos com síndrome nefrótica por doença de lesões mínimas (LM) e glomeruloesclerose segmentar e focal (GESF) é pouco conhecido. Objetivo: Avaliamos as características clínico-laboratoriais e resposta a tratamento em pacientes adultos com síndrome nefrótica e diagnósticos histológicos de LM ou GESF. Métodos: Fez-se a análise retrospectiva de 50 pacientes adultos com LM e 120 com GESF. Todos os pacientes foram inicialmente tratados com corticosteroide. Os desfechos do estudo foram: resposta a corticosteroide, prevalência de remissão total, progressão para doença renal crônica estágio 5 (DRC5) e necessidade de terapia de substituição renal por DRC5. Resultados: Níveis iniciais de creatinina sérica foram 24% mais elevados entre pacientes com GESF (p = 0,02) e os de proteinúria foram 36% mais altos em LM (p < 0,001). Pacientes com LM foram córtico-sensíveis em 80% dos casos, com remissão total em 74%, e os pacientes com GESF em 58% (p = 0,01), com remissão total em 30% (p = 0,002). A prevalência de insuficiência renal aguda em pacientes com GESF foi de 39% (vs. 12%, p = 0,013) e DRC5 de 10% (vs. 0%, p < 0,001). Remissão completa ou parcial com o uso de corticosteroide reduziu em 83% o risco de DRC5 (p < 0,001) e remissão total associou-se a redução no risco de DRC5 de 89% (p < 0,001). Conclusão: A resposta positiva à corticoterapia foi o fator mais importante relacionado à preservação da função renal ao longo de mais de uma década de seguimento, e GESF relacionou-se a menor índice de resposta a corticosteroide.

Abstract Introduction: There is scarce data on the clinical profile of adult Brazilian patients with nephrotic syndrome caused by minimal change disease (MCD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Objective: We evaluated the clinical characteristics and response to treatment in adult patients with nephrotic syndrome having a histological diagnosis of MCD or FSGS. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 50 patients with MCD and 120 with FSGS. All patients were initially treated with steroids. The study outcomes were: steroid responsiveness, prevalence of total remission, progression to chronic renal failure and need of renal replacement therapy due to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Results: Initial serum creatinine level was 24% higher among patients with FSGS (p = 0.02), and proteinuria levels were 36% higher in MCD (p < 0.001). Patients with MCD were sensitive to steroid therapy in 80% of the cases, with total remission in 74%, while patients with FSGS were sensitive in 58% (p = 0.01), with total remission in 30% (p = 0.002). Patients with FSGS had an acute renal failure prevalence of 39% (vs. 12%, p = 0.013) and ESRD of 10% (vs. 0%, p < 0.001). Steroid responsiveness reduced in 83% the risk of ESRD (p < 0.001), while total remission was associated to a reduction in risk of 89% (p < 0.001). Conclusion: A positive response to steroid therapy was the most important factor related with preservation of renal function and FSGS was related with less steroid responsiveness.

Minimally Dilated Obstructive Nephropathy Initially Suspected as Pre-renal Azotemia in a Kidney Donor with Volume Depletion

Although ultrasonography is regarded as the gold standard in the diagnosis of obstructive nephropathy, dilatation is sometimes not observed by ultrasonography. We report upon a case of minimally dilated obstructive nephropathy due to an ureter stone in a kidney donor with volume depletion. A 54-year-old man was admitted due to anuria and abdominal pain of 2 days duration. Ten years previously, his right kidney was donated for transplantation, and one month before admission, he abstained from all food except water and salt, for 30 days for religious reasons. He had lost 8 kg of body weight. On admission, he had clinical signs of volume depletion, i.e., a dehydrated tongue and decreased skin turgor. Laboratory data confirmed severe renal failure, his blood urea nitrogen level was 107.3 mg/dL, and his serum creatinine 16.5 mg/dL. The plain X-ray was unremarkable and ultrasonography showed only minimal dilatation of the renal collecting system. On follow-up ultrasonography, performed on the 5th hospital day, the dilatation of the collecting system had slightly progressed and a small stone was found at ureter orifice by cystoscopy. Removal of stone initiated dramatic diuresis with a rapid return of renal function to normal by the third day.

Acute Renal Failure Associated with a Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome in a Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patient

In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), acute renal failure (ARF) is usually associated with severe lupus nephritis and ARF associated with other glomerular diseases is extremely rare. We recently encountered a patient with ARF that was associated with a minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) in SLE. A 41-year-old woman presented with a nephrotic syndrome and ARF. She fulfilled four of the American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification of SLE. However, a renal biopsy revealed that there were no glomerular abnormalities and no deposition of immune complex. The generalized edema disappeared and the high creatinine levels decreased after prednisolone therapy.

Glomerulonefrite em pediatria / Gomerulonephritis in children

Os autores apresentam uma apreciaçäo clínico-patológica das glomerulonefrites na infância, relatando sua experiência no HUPE-UERJ). 1) GN com lesäo mínima: 128 casos (54,7% pré-escolares e 67,9% do sexo masculino): com prognóstico muito bom. 2) Esclerose focal e segmentar: 37 casos, quatro em remissäo, 11 com SN em atividade, 16 evoluíram para IRC (sete óbitos) e seis näo foram acompanhados. 3) GN membranosa: 10 casos, quatro em remissäo, quatro com SN em atividade e dois foram perdidos do acompanhamento. 4) GN endoteliomesangial: 257 casos, todos evoluíram para cura embora 15,3% apresentassem complicaçöes graves. 5) GN mesangial: oito casos, dois em remissäo, três com SBN em atividade, um em IRC e dois óbitos. 6) GN crescêntica: 11 pacientes, sete estäo bem, um em IRC e três morreram. 7) GN membranoproliferativa: seis pacientes: um em remissäo, dois em IRC, dois com SN em atividade e um faleceu

Significance of mesangial IgA deposition in minimal change nephrotic syndrome: a study of 60 cases

We studied 60 cases of minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) with mesangial IgA deposits occurring over a 6 year period. There were 43 adults and 17 children. Hematuria occurred in 69.0% of the adults and 88.2% of the children. Two adults and six children had gross hematuria during the course of the disease. Mesangial IgA deposits were noted in 100% of the cases, and concomitant IgG or IgM deposits were found in 78.6% of adults and 73.7% of children. The fluorescent intensity of mesangial IgA deposits was trace (+/-) to 1+ in 86.1% and 70.6% of the adults and children respectively. Most of the patients showed electron microscopic findings consistent with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. We speculate that most of our cases are variants of minimal change nephrotic syndrome but are neither IgA nephropathy nor an overlapping syndrome, and that environmental or genetic factors may be related to the deposition of IgA in these MCNS patients.

Hematuria esencial de origen glomerular / Essential hematuria of glomerular origin

Se describen 32 niños con hematuria recurrente idiopática, de quienes se tomaron biopsias renales que fueron estudiadas morfológicamente mediante microscopio óptico, electrónico e imunoflorescencia en un hospital de Santiago entre los años 1972 a 1982. En 21,5% de los casos se encontró enfermedad de Berger, en 66% alteraciones mínimas glomerulares y en 12,5% membrana basal delgada glomerular. Se propone una clasificación en sub-grupos para las alteraciones mínimas glomerulares. Se concluye que esta es en general una afección benigna en la infancia, que habitualmente no requiere de biopsia renal, con excepción de la enfermedad de Berger y la membrana basal delgada en los que se ha descrito excepcionalmente progresión a insuficiencia renal